Middleware

Middlewares play a crucial role in the request-response cycle of an ExpressoTS application. They allow you to execute code, modify request and response objects, end the cycle, or pass control to the next middleware in the stack. To prevent request timeouts, it's important to call next() unless your middleware completes the cycle.

ExpressoTS supports function and class-based middleware. Function-based middleware is the simplest form of middleware, while class-based middleware allows you to create reusable middleware with a constructor and methods.

ExpressoTS integrates smoothly with Express middleware, allowing you to leverage its extensive ecosystem to enhance your application.

ExpressoTS fully supports Express middleware out-of-the-box.

Add middleware

ExpressoTS application supports adding middleware globally to the application as well as per route. It offers all the middleware supported by Expressjs team out-of-the-box.

In the app.ts file, you can add middleware to the application using the this.Middleware property. The this.Middleware property is an instance of the Middleware class, which provides a list of out-of-the-box Expressjs middlewares supported by ExpressoTS.

Adding middleware globally to the application in app.provider.ts

@provide(App)
export class App extends AppExpress {
    protected configureServices(): void {
        this.Middleware.addBodyParser();
        this.Middleware.addCors();
        this.Middleware.addHelmet();
    }
}

In ExpressoTS, middleware options are available to be added as needed, but the actual middleware packages are not pre-installed to keep the application lightweight. When you choose to add one of the available out-of-the-box middleware options, such as CORS, the system checks if the necessary package is installed.

If the middleware package isn't installed, the application will warn you with a message, but will continue running.

🖥️ Middleware [cors] not installed. Please install it using your package manager.

Once you install the required middleware, the warning will disappear on hot reload, and the middleware will be ready for use with its interface integrated into your application.

Out-of-the-box middleware

Expressjs middlewares supported by ExpressoTS:

Middleware Name	Description
addBodyParser	Add body parser middleware to the application.
addCompression	Add compression middleware to the application.
addCookieParser	Add cookie parser middleware to the application.
addCookieSession	Add cookie session middleware to the application.
addCors	Add cors middleware to the application.
addHelmet	Add helmet middleware to the application.
addMorgan	Add morgan middleware to the application.
addRateLimiter	Add rate limit middleware to the application.
addServeFavicon	Add serve favicon middleware to the application.
addSession	Add session middleware to the application.
addUrlEncodedParser	Add url encoded parser middleware to the application.
serverStatic	Add static middleware to the application.
setupMulter	Create a multer instance for file upload.
setErrorHandler	Add error handler middleware to the application.

caution

If you add a middleware that is not installed as dependency, the application will throw a warning message and continue to run.

Using addMiddleware method

For any other middleware, or a custom middleware, you can add it using the this.middleware.addMiddleware() method. Using the addMiddleware method, you can add any middleware from NPM Registry, custom Expressjs middleware or a ExpressoTS class-based middleware.

NPM Registry middleware:

Adding NPM Registry cors middleware

this.Middleware.addMiddleware(cors());

Custom Expressjs middleware:

Adding custom expressjs middleware

function myMiddleware(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
    next();
}

this.Middleware.addMiddleware(myMiddleware);

Custom ExpressoTS middleware:

Adding custom expressots middleware

class CustomMiddleware extends ExpressoMiddleware {
    use(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): void | Promise<void> {
        next();
    }
}

this.Middleware.addMiddleware(new CustomMiddleware());

You can also add middleware to a specific route in the App class through the this.middleware.addMiddleware() method. You can add any middleware from NPM Registry, custom Expressjs middleware or a custom middleware.

Adding middleware to a specific route

this.Middleware.addMiddleware({ path: "/api", middlewares: [] });

Each route can have multiple middlewares.

Middleware in controller

If you want to apply a middleware to all routes under a specific controller, you can add it to the @controller() decorator. You can pass as many middlewares as you want to the @controller() decorator.

@controller("/app", express.json())
export class AppController {
    @Post("/create")
    createApp() {
        return "Create App";
    }

    @Patch("/update")
    updateApp() {
        return "Update App";
    }
}

Middleware in http method

Or you add a middleware to a specific route in the controller class through the http Method decorators.

@controller("/")
export class AppController {
    @Post("", express.json())
    execute() {
        return "Hello World";
    }
}

Create expressoTS middleware

To create a custom class-based middleware, you need to extend the ExpressoMiddleware class and implement the use method. The use method is the entry point of the middleware, and it receives the Request, Response, and NextFunction objects.

Use the CLI to create a new middleware class:

expressots g mi middleware-name

Scaffold output

import { ExpressoMiddleware, provide } from "@expressots/core";
import { NextFunction, Request, Response } from "express";

@provide(ExampleMiddleware)
export class ExampleMiddleware extends ExpressoMiddleware {
    use(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): void | Promise<void> {
        throw new Error("Method not implemented.");
    }
}

An example of a custom class-based middleware implementation:

Creating a custom class-base middleware

class CustomMiddleware extends ExpressoMiddleware {
    private isOn: boolean;

    constructor(isOn: boolean) {
        super();
        this.isOn = isOn;
    }

    use(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction): void | Promise<void> {
        // Do something
        if (this.isOn) {
            next();
        } else {
            res.status(403).send("Forbidden");
        }
    }
}

Custom middleware allows you to pass parameters to the constructor and use them as options in the use method of your middleware. This way, you can create reusable middleware with different configurations.

View middleware pipeline

You can view all the middlewares added to the application using the this.middleware.viewMiddlewarePipeline() method. The goal of the viewMiddlewarePipeline method is to provide a visual representation of the middleware pipeline in the application.

info

We are working on adding execution time for each middleware in the pipeline. This will allow you to identify bottlenecks in the middleware pipeline.

Here is the output of the viewMiddlewarePipeline method:

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