Version: 4.x

Interceptors

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) for cross-cutting concerns.

Overview

Feature	Description
Pre/Post Processing	Execute code before and after handlers
Priority-Based	Control execution order
Dependency Injection	Full DI support
One-Liner Setup	`setupInterceptorsForExpress()`
Built-In	Performance tracking included
Type-Safe	Full TypeScript generics

ExpressoTS v4 interceptor chain: priority-ordered execution from AuthInterceptor through LoggingInterceptor and CacheInterceptor to the controller handler, then unwinding in reverse order

Quick Start

1. Setup Interceptors

Use the one-liner setup function:

import { setupInterceptorsForExpress } from "@expressots/adapter-express";
import { CustomLoggingInterceptor, CacheInterceptor } from "./interceptors";

export class App extends AppExpress {
    async configureServices(): Promise<void> {
        const { interceptorsRegistered } = setupInterceptorsForExpress(
            this.container.Container,
            {
                builtIn: { 
                    performance: true  // Enable built-in performance interceptor
                },
                customInterceptors: [
                    CustomLoggingInterceptor,
                    CacheInterceptor
                ]
            }
        );

        console.log(`Registered ${interceptorsRegistered} interceptors`);
    }
}

2. Create an Interceptor

import { provide, inject, Logger, Interceptor } from "@expressots/core";
import type { IInterceptor, ExecutionContext, CallHandler } from "@expressots/core";

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@provide(LoggingInterceptor)
export class LoggingInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 10;

    constructor(@inject(Logger) private logger: Logger) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        
        this.logger.info(`→ ${request.method} ${request.path}`);
        
        const result = await next.handle();
        
        this.logger.info(`← ${request.method} ${request.path}`);
        
        return result;
    }
}

3. Apply to Routes

Registration via setupInterceptorsForExpress() makes interceptors available in the DI container, but does not apply them to routes. Use @UseInterceptors() to apply them at the controller or method level:

import { controller, Get } from "@expressots/adapter-express";
import { UseInterceptors } from "@expressots/core";

@controller("/users")
@UseInterceptors(CacheInterceptor)  // Apply to all routes in controller
export class UserController {
    
    @Get("/:id")
    @UseInterceptors(LoggingInterceptor)  // Apply to specific route
    getUser() {
        return { id: 1, name: "John" };
    }
}

Creating Interceptors

Basic Structure

Every interceptor must:

Implement IInterceptor interface
Have @Interceptor() decorator (for auto-discovery and priority)
Have @injectable() decorator (for DI)
Implement intercept() method

import { injectable, Interceptor } from "@expressots/core";
import type { IInterceptor, ExecutionContext, CallHandler } from "@expressots/core";

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        // Before handler execution
        console.log("Before");

        // Execute handler
        const result = await next.handle();

        // After handler execution
        console.log("After");

        return result;
    }
}

Execution Context

The ExecutionContext provides access to request and response objects:

async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
    const request = context.getRequest();
    const response = context.getResponse();

    // Access request properties
    const method = request.method;
    const path = request.path;
    const headers = request.headers;
    const query = request.query;
    const params = request.params;
    const body = request.body;

    // Access response properties
    const statusCode = response.statusCode;

    return next.handle();
}

Call Handler

The CallHandler controls execution flow:

async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
    // Option 1: Execute handler
    const result = await next.handle();

    // Option 2: Short-circuit (don't call handler)
    if (someCondition) {
        return cachedResult as T;
    }

    // Option 3: Modify result
    const result = await next.handle();
    return { ...result, modified: true } as T;
}

Priority-Based Execution

Interceptors execute in priority order (lower numbers run first):

@Interceptor({ priority: 5 })  // Runs first
@provide(AuthInterceptor)
export class AuthInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 5;
}

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })  // Runs second
@provide(LoggingInterceptor)
export class LoggingInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 10;
}

@Interceptor({ priority: 15 })  // Runs third
@provide(CacheInterceptor)
export class CacheInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 15;
}

Execution Flow:

Request → Auth (5) → Logging (10) → Cache (15) → Handler → Cache (15) → Logging (10) → Auth (5) → Response

Built-In Interceptors

Performance Interceptor

Tracks execution time automatically:

setupInterceptorsForExpress(container, {
    builtIn: {
        performance: true  // Enable performance tracking
    }
});

Output:

[Performance] GET /api/users completed in 45ms

Access Performance Data:

@Get("/users")
async getUsers(@req() request: Request) {
    const perfData = request.performanceData;
    // { startTime, endTime, duration }
}

Common Interceptor Examples

1. Logging Interceptor

Log all requests and responses:

@Interceptor({ priority: 5 })
@provide(CustomLoggingInterceptor)
export class CustomLoggingInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 5;

    constructor(@inject(Logger) private logger: Logger) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        const method = request.method;
        const path = request.path;

        this.logger.info(`→ ${method} ${path}`);

        const startTime = Date.now();

        try {
            const result = await next.handle();
            const duration = Date.now() - startTime;

            this.logger.info(`← ${method} ${path} (${duration}ms)`);

            return result;
        } catch (error) {
            const duration = Date.now() - startTime;

            this.logger.error(`✗ ${method} ${path} (${duration}ms)`, error);

            throw error;
        }
    }
}

2. Cache Interceptor

Cache GET requests:

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@provide(CacheInterceptor)
export class CacheInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 10;
    private cache: Map<string, { data: unknown; expiry: number }> = new Map();
    private ttl = 5000; // 5 seconds

    constructor(@inject(Logger) private logger: Logger) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        
        // Only cache GET requests
        if (request.method !== "GET") {
            return next.handle();
        }

        const cacheKey = request.url;
        const cached = this.cache.get(cacheKey);

        // Check if cached and not expired
        if (cached && cached.expiry > Date.now()) {
            this.logger.info(`Cache HIT for ${cacheKey}`);
            return cached.data as T;
        }

        // Cache miss - execute handler
        this.logger.info(`Cache MISS for ${cacheKey}`);
        const result = await next.handle();

        // Store in cache
        this.cache.set(cacheKey, {
            data: result,
            expiry: Date.now() + this.ttl
        });

        return result;
    }
}

3. Transform Interceptor

Transform responses:

@Interceptor({ priority: 15 })
@provide(TransformInterceptor)
export class TransformInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 15;

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const result = await next.handle();

        // Wrap response in standard format
        return {
            success: true,
            data: result,
            timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
        } as T;
    }
}

Before Transform:

{ "id": 1, "name": "John" }

After Transform:

{
    "success": true,
    "data": { "id": 1, "name": "John" },
    "timestamp": "2026-01-10T10:30:45.123Z"
}

4. Timing Interceptor

Add execution time to response headers:

@Interceptor({ priority: 5 })
@provide(TimingInterceptor)
export class TimingInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 5;

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const response = context.getResponse();
        const startTime = Date.now();

        const result = await next.handle();

        const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
        response.setHeader("X-Response-Time", `${duration}ms`);

        return result;
    }
}

5. Authentication Interceptor

Check authentication before handler:

@Interceptor({ priority: 1 })  // Run first
@provide(AuthInterceptor)
export class AuthInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 1;

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        const response = context.getResponse();

        const token = request.headers.authorization?.replace("Bearer ", "");

        if (!token) {
            response.status(401).json({ error: "Unauthorized" });
            throw new Error("Unauthorized");
        }

        // Verify token
        const user = await this.verifyToken(token);
        
        // Attach user to request
        (request as any).user = user;

        return next.handle();
    }

    private async verifyToken(token: string) {
        // Verify JWT token
        return { id: 1, email: "[email protected]" };
    }
}

6. Rate Limiting Interceptor

Limit requests per user:

@Interceptor({ priority: 2 })
@provide(RateLimitInterceptor)
export class RateLimitInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 2;
    private requests: Map<string, number[]> = new Map();
    private limit = 100;      // 100 requests
    private window = 60000;   // per minute

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        const response = context.getResponse();
        const ip = request.ip;

        const now = Date.now();
        const userRequests = this.requests.get(ip) || [];

        // Filter recent requests
        const recentRequests = userRequests.filter(time => now - time < this.window);

        if (recentRequests.length >= this.limit) {
            response.status(429).json({ 
                error: "Too many requests",
                retryAfter: Math.ceil((recentRequests[0] + this.window - now) / 1000)
            });
            throw new Error("Rate limit exceeded");
        }

        // Add current request
        recentRequests.push(now);
        this.requests.set(ip, recentRequests);

        return next.handle();
    }
}

7. Validation Interceptor

Validate request data:

@Interceptor({ priority: 3 })
@provide(ValidationInterceptor)
export class ValidationInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 3;

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();
        const response = context.getResponse();

        // Validate request body
        if (request.method === "POST" || request.method === "PUT") {
            const errors = await this.validate(request.body);

            if (errors.length > 0) {
                response.status(400).json({ 
                    error: "Validation failed",
                    details: errors
                });
                throw new Error("Validation failed");
            }
        }

        return next.handle();
    }

    private async validate(body: any): Promise<string[]> {
        const errors: string[] = [];
        // Add validation logic
        return errors;
    }
}

8. Error Handling Interceptor

Catch and format errors:

@Interceptor({ priority: 100 })  // Run last
@provide(ErrorHandlerInterceptor)
export class ErrorHandlerInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 100;

    constructor(@inject(Logger) private logger: Logger) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        try {
            return await next.handle();
        } catch (error) {
            const request = context.getRequest();
            const response = context.getResponse();

            this.logger.error(
                `Error in ${request.method} ${request.path}`,
                error
            );

            // Format error response
            response.status(500).json({
                error: "Internal server error",
                message: error.message,
                timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
            });

            throw error;
        }
    }
}

Applying Interceptors

Two steps are required to activate an interceptor:

Register: setupInterceptorsForExpress({ customInterceptors: [...] }) in app.ts binds the class in the DI container and the InterceptorRegistry.
Apply: @UseInterceptors(...) on a controller (all routes) or on a single method (one route).

Register (app.ts)

setupInterceptorsForExpress(container, {
    customInterceptors: [
        LoggingInterceptor,
        CacheInterceptor
    ]
});

This makes the interceptors resolvable but does not apply them to any route.

Controller-Level

Apply to all routes in a controller:

import { UseInterceptors } from "@expressots/core";

@UseInterceptors(CacheInterceptor)
@controller("/users")
export class UserController {
    // All routes use CacheInterceptor
}

Method-Level

Apply to a specific route:

import { UseInterceptors } from "@expressots/core";

@controller("/users")
export class UserController {
    @Get("/:id")
    @UseInterceptors(CacheInterceptor, LoggingInterceptor)
    getUser() {
        // Only this route uses both interceptors
    }
}

Multiple Interceptors

Apply multiple interceptors (execute in priority order):

@Get("/data")
@UseInterceptors(AuthInterceptor, LoggingInterceptor, CacheInterceptor)
getData() {
    return { data: "example" };
}

Dependency Injection

Interceptors support full dependency injection:

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@provide(MyInterceptor)
export class MyInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 10;

    constructor(
        @inject(Logger) private logger: Logger,
        @inject(CacheService) private cache: CacheService,
        @inject(AuthService) private auth: AuthService
    ) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        // Use injected services
        this.logger.info("Processing request");
        const user = await this.auth.getCurrentUser();
        
        return next.handle();
    }
}

Best Practices

1. Use Priority Wisely

Order interceptors logically:

// ✅ Good: Auth → Logging → Cache → Handler
AuthInterceptor: priority 1
LoggingInterceptor: priority 5
CacheInterceptor: priority 10

// ❌ Bad: Cache → Auth (cache would bypass auth)
CacheInterceptor: priority 1
AuthInterceptor: priority 10

2. Handle Errors Properly

Always handle errors in interceptors:

// ✅ Good
async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
    try {
        return await next.handle();
    } catch (error) {
        this.logger.error("Handler failed", error);
        throw error;  // Re-throw after logging
    }
}

// ❌ Bad
async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
    return await next.handle();  // Errors not handled
}

3. Short-Circuit When Appropriate

Return early for cached responses:

// ✅ Good
if (cached) {
    return cached as T;  // Don't call handler
}

return next.handle();

4. Don't Block Event Loop

Avoid synchronous operations:

// ✅ Good
const result = await asyncOperation();

// ❌ Bad
const result = syncOperation();  // Blocks event loop

5. Use Descriptive Names

Name interceptors clearly:

// ✅ Good
CustomLoggingInterceptor
CacheInterceptor
AuthInterceptor

// ❌ Bad
MyInterceptor
Interceptor1
Helper

Testing Interceptors

Unit Testing

Test interceptors in isolation with mocked dependencies:

import { CustomLoggingInterceptor } from "./custom-logging.interceptor";
import { Logger } from "@expressots/core";

describe("CustomLoggingInterceptor", () => {
    let interceptor: CustomLoggingInterceptor;
    let mockLogger: jest.Mocked<Logger>;

    beforeEach(() => {
        mockLogger = {
            info: jest.fn(),
            error: jest.fn()
        } as any;

        interceptor = new CustomLoggingInterceptor(mockLogger);
    });

    it("should log request and response", async () => {
        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({
                method: "GET",
                path: "/users"
            }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ data: "test" })
        };

        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);

        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
            expect.stringContaining("→ GET /users")
        );
        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
            expect.stringContaining("← GET /users")
        );
    });

    it("should log errors", async () => {
        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({
                method: "GET",
                path: "/users"
            }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const error = new Error("Test error");
        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockRejectedValue(error)
        };

        await expect(
            interceptor.intercept(context, next)
        ).rejects.toThrow(error);

        expect(mockLogger.error).toHaveBeenCalled();
    });

    it("should measure execution time", async () => {
        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({
                method: "GET",
                path: "/users"
            }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockImplementation(
                () => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve({ data: "test" }), 50))
            )
        };

        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);

        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
            expect.stringMatching(/\(\d+ms\)/)
        );
    });
});

Testing Priority Order

Verify interceptors execute in the correct order:

import { setupInterceptorsForExpress } from "@expressots/adapter-express";
import { Container } from "@expressots/core";

describe("Interceptor Priority", () => {
    let executionLog: string[] = [];

    class TestInterceptor1 implements IInterceptor {
        readonly priority = 5;
        async intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler) {
            executionLog.push("before-5");
            const result = await next.handle();
            executionLog.push("after-5");
            return result;
        }
    }

    class TestInterceptor2 implements IInterceptor {
        readonly priority = 10;
        async intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler) {
            executionLog.push("before-10");
            const result = await next.handle();
            executionLog.push("after-10");
            return result;
        }
    }

    it("should execute in priority order", () => {
        executionLog = [];

        const container = new Container();
        setupInterceptorsForExpress(container, {
            customInterceptors: [TestInterceptor1, TestInterceptor2]
        });

        // Execute request
        // ...

        expect(executionLog).toEqual([
            "before-5",   // Lower priority runs first (before)
            "before-10",
            "after-10",   // Higher priority runs first (after)
            "after-5"
        ]);
    });
});

Testing Cache Interceptor

Test caching behavior:

import { CacheInterceptor } from "./cache.interceptor";

describe("CacheInterceptor", () => {
    let interceptor: CacheInterceptor;
    let mockLogger: jest.Mocked<Logger>;

    beforeEach(() => {
        mockLogger = { info: jest.fn() } as any;
        interceptor = new CacheInterceptor(mockLogger);
    });

    it("should cache GET requests", async () => {
        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({ method: "GET", url: "/users" }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ data: "cached" })
        };

        // First call - cache miss
        const result1 = await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        expect(next.handle).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
            expect.stringContaining("Cache MISS")
        );

        // Second call - cache hit
        const result2 = await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        expect(next.handle).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1); // Still 1, not called again
        expect(mockLogger.info).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
            expect.stringContaining("Cache HIT")
        );

        expect(result1).toEqual(result2);
    });

    it("should not cache non-GET requests", async () => {
        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({ method: "POST", url: "/users" }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ data: "not cached" })
        };

        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);

        expect(next.handle).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2); // Called both times
    });

    it("should expire cached entries after TTL", async () => {
        jest.useFakeTimers();

        const context = {
            getRequest: () => ({ method: "GET", url: "/users" }),
            getResponse: () => ({})
        } as any;

        const next = {
            handle: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ data: "cached" })
        };

        // First call
        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        expect(next.handle).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);

        // Advance time beyond TTL
        jest.advanceTimersByTime(6000); // 6 seconds

        // Second call - cache expired
        await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        expect(next.handle).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2); // Called again

        jest.useRealTimers();
    });
});

E2E Testing

Test interceptors in a real application:

import { bootstrap } from "@expressots/core";
import { App } from "./app";

describe("Interceptors E2E", () => {
    let app: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof bootstrap>>;
    let port: number;

    beforeAll(async () => {
        app = await bootstrap(App, { port: 0 });
        port = await app.getPort();
    });

    afterAll(async () => {
        const httpServer = await app.getHttpServer();
        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
            httpServer.close(() => resolve());
        });
    });

    it("should add timing header to response", async () => {
        const response = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/users`);

        expect(response.headers.get("X-Response-Time")).toMatch(/\d+ms/);
    });

    it("should transform response format", async () => {
        const response = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/users`);
        const data = await response.json();

        expect(data).toHaveProperty("success", true);
        expect(data).toHaveProperty("data");
        expect(data).toHaveProperty("timestamp");
    });

    it("should cache GET requests", async () => {
        const url = `http://localhost:${port}/users`;

        const start1 = Date.now();
        const response1 = await fetch(url);
        const duration1 = Date.now() - start1;

        const start2 = Date.now();
        const response2 = await fetch(url);
        const duration2 = Date.now() - start2;

        // Second request should be significantly faster (cached)
        expect(duration2).toBeLessThan(duration1 / 2);

        const data1 = await response1.json();
        const data2 = await response2.json();

        expect(data1).toEqual(data2);
    });

    it("should handle errors gracefully", async () => {
        const response = await fetch(
            `http://localhost:${port}/users/error`
        );

        expect(response.status).toBe(500);

        const error = await response.json();
        expect(error).toHaveProperty("error");
        expect(error).toHaveProperty("timestamp");
    });
});

Advanced Patterns

Composable Interceptors

Create interceptors that can be composed:

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@provide(ComposableInterceptor)
export class ComposableInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 10;

    constructor(
        @inject(Logger) private logger: Logger,
        @inject("interceptorChain") private chain?: IInterceptor[]
    ) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        // Execute pre-chain
        for (const interceptor of this.chain || []) {
            await interceptor.intercept(context, next);
        }

        const result = await next.handle();

        // Execute post-chain
        return result;
    }
}

Conditional Interceptor Execution

Execute interceptors based on runtime conditions:

@Interceptor({ priority: 5 })
@provide(ConditionalInterceptor)
export class ConditionalInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 5;

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();

        // Only log in development
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV === "development") {
            console.log(`${request.method} ${request.path}`);
        }

        // Only cache if header is present
        if (request.headers["x-enable-cache"]) {
            // Check cache...
        }

        return next.handle();
    }
}

Performance Optimization

Async Interceptors

For non-critical operations, use async patterns:

@Interceptor({ priority: 100 })
@provide(AsyncLoggingInterceptor)
export class AsyncLoggingInterceptor implements IInterceptor {
    readonly priority = 100;

    constructor(@inject(Logger) private logger: Logger) {}

    async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
        const request = context.getRequest();

        // Don't await - log asynchronously
        this.logger.info(`${request.method} ${request.path}`).catch(() => {
            // Handle error without blocking request
        });

        return next.handle();
    }
}

Interceptor Pooling

Reuse interceptor instances for better performance:

const interceptorPool = new Map<string, IInterceptor>();

function getInterceptor(key: string, factory: () => IInterceptor): IInterceptor {
    if (!interceptorPool.has(key)) {
        interceptorPool.set(key, factory());
    }
    return interceptorPool.get(key)!;
}

Performance Considerations

Overhead

Each interceptor adds ~1-5ms per request
Multiple interceptors stack (5 interceptors ≈ 5-25ms)
Async operations increase overhead

Recommendations

Scenario	Recommended Interceptors
Production API	Auth (1), Logging (5), Performance (10)
Development	Auth (1), Logging (5), Error Handler (100)
High Traffic	Auth (1), Cache (5) only
Microservice	Performance (10) only

Optimization Tips

Keep interceptors fast: Avoid heavy operations
Use caching: Cache expensive checks
Minimize interceptors: Only add what you need
Order matters: Put fast interceptors first
Short-circuit early: Return cached results ASAP
Profile in production: Monitor interceptor execution time
Use async patterns: Don't block on non-critical operations

Troubleshooting

Interceptor Not Running

Check registration in app.ts:

setupInterceptorsForExpress(container, {
    customInterceptors: [MyInterceptor]  // Must be in array
});

Check application on the controller or method:

@UseInterceptors(MyInterceptor)  // Required to apply to routes
@controller("/users")
export class UserController { }

Check class decorators:

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })  // Required
@injectable()                    // Required

Wrong Execution Order

Check priorities:

// Lower numbers run first
@Interceptor({ priority: 1 })   // Runs first
@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })  // Runs second

Dependency Injection Not Working

Check @provide() decorator:

@Interceptor({ priority: 10 })
@provide(MyInterceptor)  // Must have @provide()
export class MyInterceptor { }

Performance Issues

Profile interceptors:

async intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T> {
    const start = Date.now();
    const result = await next.handle();
    console.log(`Interceptor took ${Date.now() - start}ms`);
    return result;
}

API Reference

IInterceptor Interface

interface IInterceptor {
    readonly priority: number;
    intercept<T>(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler<T>): Promise<T>;
}

ExecutionContext

interface ExecutionContext {
    getRequest<T = Request>(): T;
    getResponse<T = Response>(): T;
}

CallHandler

interface CallHandler<T = any> {
    handle(): Promise<T>;
}

@Interceptor Decorator

@Interceptor(options?: { priority?: number })

setupInterceptorsForExpress

setupInterceptorsForExpress(
    container: Container,
    options: {
        builtIn?: { performance?: boolean };
        customInterceptors?: Array<new (...args: any[]) => IInterceptor>;
    }
): { interceptorsRegistered: number }

Composition helpers

The framework ships four helpers that let you compose interceptors at the point of attachment without writing a wrapper class:

Helper	Purpose
`whenInterceptor(cond, i)`	Apply `i` only when `cond(ctx)` returns `true`.
`unlessInterceptor(cond, i)`	Apply `i` only when `cond(ctx)` returns `false`, the inverse of `when`.
`pipeInterceptors(...i)`	Run interceptors in order; each `next.handle()` chains to the following.
`combineInterceptors(...i)`	Run interceptors in parallel for side-effect-only work (logging, metrics).

`whenInterceptor` / `unlessInterceptor`

import {
  UseInterceptors,
  whenInterceptor,
  unlessInterceptor,
  PerformanceInterceptor,
  LoggingInterceptor,
} from "@expressots/core";
import { controller, Get } from "@expressots/adapter-express";
import { CacheInterceptor } from "./interceptors";

@controller("/users")
export class UserController {
  @Get("/")
  @UseInterceptors(
    PerformanceInterceptor,
    whenInterceptor(
      (ctx) => ctx.getRequest().headers["x-cache"] === "true",
      CacheInterceptor,
    ),
    unlessInterceptor(
      (ctx) => ctx.getRequest().method === "POST",
      LoggingInterceptor,
    ),
  )
  list() {}
}

whenInterceptor / unlessInterceptor evaluate their condition lazily at request time. The condition receives the ExecutionContext and can be sync or async.

`pipeInterceptors`: sequential composition

import { pipeInterceptors, UseInterceptors } from "@expressots/core";

@Get("/heavy")
@UseInterceptors(pipeInterceptors(AuthCheckInterceptor, RateLimitInterceptor, CacheInterceptor))
heavy() {}

Each interceptor's next.handle() resolves the next item in the pipe. Short-circuit by returning early, and the rest of the pipe is skipped.

`combineInterceptors`: parallel composition

import { combineInterceptors, UseInterceptors } from "@expressots/core";

@Get("/")
@UseInterceptors(combineInterceptors(MetricsInterceptor, AuditInterceptor))
list() {}

combineInterceptors fires every member side-by-side and waits for all of them to finish before resolving. Use it for observation-only interceptors that don't mutate the response.

Type guards

When inspecting interceptors at runtime (rare, but useful in testing helpers):

import {
  isComposedInterceptor,
  isConditionalInterceptor,
} from "@expressots/core";

if (isComposedInterceptor(x))     { /* it's a pipe or combine */ }
if (isConditionalInterceptor(x))  { /* it's a when or unless */ }

Built-in interceptors

Interceptor	Purpose
`LoggingInterceptor`	Structured request/response logging.
`PerformanceInterceptor`	Per-request timing that feeds the Studio "slow routes" view.
`PerformanceInterceptorService`	Aggregated metrics service (P50/P95/P99 per route).
`TimeoutInterceptor`	Aborts handlers that exceed `TimeoutOptions.timeout` (default 30000 ms).

import {
  UseInterceptors,
  PerformanceInterceptor,
  TimeoutInterceptor,
} from "@expressots/core";
import { controller, Get } from "@expressots/adapter-express";

@controller("/api")
export class ApiController {
  @Get("/slow")
  @UseInterceptors(new TimeoutInterceptor({ timeout: 5000 }), PerformanceInterceptor)
  slow() {}
}

Comparison with Other Frameworks

Feature	ExpressoTS	NestJS	Fastify
Interceptors	✅ Built-in	✅ Built-in	⚠️ Via hooks
Priority System	✅ Numeric priority	❌ Order-based	❌ Order-based
One-Liner Setup	✅ Yes	❌ Manual registration	❌ Manual registration
Dependency Injection	✅ Full DI	✅ Full DI	⚠️ Limited
Built-In Performance	✅ Yes	❌ Custom only	⚠️ Via plugins
Type Safety	✅ Full TypeScript	✅ Full TypeScript	✅ Full TypeScript

Support the Project

ExpressoTS is MIT-licensed open source. See the support guide to contribute.

Overview​

Quick Start​

1. Setup Interceptors​

2. Create an Interceptor​

3. Apply to Routes​

Creating Interceptors​

Basic Structure​

Execution Context​

Call Handler​

Priority-Based Execution​

Built-In Interceptors​

Performance Interceptor​

Common Interceptor Examples​

1. Logging Interceptor​

2. Cache Interceptor​

3. Transform Interceptor​

4. Timing Interceptor​

5. Authentication Interceptor​

6. Rate Limiting Interceptor​

7. Validation Interceptor​

8. Error Handling Interceptor​

Applying Interceptors​

Register (app.ts)​

Controller-Level​

Method-Level​

Multiple Interceptors​

Dependency Injection​

Best Practices​

1. Use Priority Wisely​

2. Handle Errors Properly​

3. Short-Circuit When Appropriate​

4. Don't Block Event Loop​

5. Use Descriptive Names​

Testing Interceptors​

Unit Testing​

Testing Priority Order​

Testing Cache Interceptor​

E2E Testing​

Advanced Patterns​

Composable Interceptors​

Conditional Interceptor Execution​

Performance Optimization​

Async Interceptors​

Interceptor Pooling​

Performance Considerations​

Overhead​

Recommendations​

Optimization Tips​

Troubleshooting​

Interceptor Not Running​

Wrong Execution Order​

Dependency Injection Not Working​

Performance Issues​

API Reference​

IInterceptor Interface​

ExecutionContext​

CallHandler​

@Interceptor Decorator​

setupInterceptorsForExpress​

Composition helpers​

whenInterceptor / unlessInterceptor​

pipeInterceptors: sequential composition​

combineInterceptors: parallel composition​

Type guards​

Built-in interceptors​

Comparison with Other Frameworks​

Support the Project​